נשלח: מיטוואך מאי 18, 2022 1:04 pm
דר. יונתן קווענוויג שרייבט בנוגע מאראליטעט און ג-ט (און דאס דיוויין קאמענד טעאריע) און זיין אַמניבּענעוואָלענס:
ניקאלאס מאלעבראנך האט אבער גע׳טענה׳ט:
והיינו, אז גאר פארקערט: ג-ט איז נישט געבינדן צו מאראל מכח דעם אז עס איז גאר מן הנמנע פאר אים ית׳ צו זיין אימאראליש; עס איז עצמותו. דאס איז אחוץ פון דעם אז ״מאראל״ איז למעשה פונדעסטוועגן דאך אָנגעוואנדן אין אים ית׳. דאס זעלבע געדאנק קען מען זאגן לגבי חוקי הלאגיק: הגם זיי זענען בהכרח זענען זיי אבער פארט אָנגעוואנדן אין אים ית׳ און עס איז עצמותו ממחוייב המציאות.Such accounts arise from a desire to maintain the absolute supremacy of God over all there is or could be. God himself is ultimately responsible for anything that exists, and there is nothing to which God is responsible or upon which God depends. The desire to maintain these central aspects of monotheism, however, must be combined with a philosophical account of the relationship between God and whatever (other) necessary existents there are, such as (perhaps) propositions, properties, relations, and mathematical and logical truths. Most important, an account is needed of the relationship between God and morality. Here things take a turn for the worse, for some find themselves in the position of thinking that in order for God to be above all else and subject to nothing else, he must be above morality itself, perhaps above it in such a way that he does things that anyone subject to the demands of morality would not be allowed to do. A position such as that of [Pierre] Jurieu highlights in the greatest possible way the superiority of God above his creation and the conceptual distance between creator and creature
The most obvious and crippling defect of this position is that it eliminates the possibility of allowing the judgment that “God is perfectly good” to have any content to it. If God is beyond morality, then nothing God does can be truly said to be evil, or bad, or unjust. The price of this conclusion is inordinately high, however, for it can equally be pointed out that, if God is above morality, then nothing God does can be correctly said to be good, or right, or just; that is, these things cannot be said unless one stipulates that goodness is to be understood in terms of whatever God does. If one takes this route, it is true that God is good and perfectly so; the problem is that it is a trivial truth, no more informative about God's character and behavior than is the statement that God is God
The mistake that leads to these problems arises not in the desire to preserve the sovereignty of God, which has a long and impressive tradition in monotheistic thought, but in the philosophical understanding of the relationship between God and necessary existents. The inference that the views shown here presuppose is that necessary existents are somehow a threat to the sovereignty of God. However, this position is far from indisputable, and the reprehensible repercussions of it argue strongly in favor of pursuing conceptions of the relationship between God and necessity that do not threaten sovereignty. Recent discussion has argued that even if there are objects that cannot fail to exist, it does not follow that they do not depend on God for their existence. Equally important to note is that God's goodness does not depend on his following moral rules that bind him in the way in which moral rules bind human beings. Although exploring the view in depth would take us too far afield, a few clarifying remarks might prove useful. According to traditional theism, God is perfectly and essentially good, and part of being perfectly good is failing to violate the requirements of morality. However, that God is bound by the principles of morality in the way we are, or subject to them, does not follow from this fact. Central to the relationship we have to morality is the capacity both to do what is right and to do what is wrong. In this way, morality stands above us and over us, and imposes judgments on us when we fail to do what is right. Yet, because God is necessarily good, he is not subject to morality in this way. He fulfills the demands of morality perfectly and necessarily; in fact, his goodness is so exemplary that doing anything wrong is impossible for God. Hence, morality does not bind him in the way it binds us
The upshot of this discussion is that the theological tradition that seeks to emphasize God's sovereignty at the expense of morality, as the remarks of Jurieu do, must be abandoned. Its motivations are not suspect, for it seeks to retain the traditional theistic claim that God is the hub on which the wheel of all else turns and that there is nothing on which God depends. The mistake is philosophical rather than motivational. It is in thinking that, if God depends on nothing other than himself, then the demands of morality need not accurately describe his behavior. If they did, so the thinking goes, God would be answerable to moral principles and so would be subject to and dependent on them. We have no reason to accept this line of thinking, and the price for accepting it is the doctrine of the goodness of God. The proper conclusion to draw is that this form of the tradition that emphasizes the sovereignty of God is truly malignant
ניקאלאס מאלעבראנך האט אבער גע׳טענה׳ט:
דין/גבורה ווי איידער חסד.God is neither clement, nor merciful, nor good, according to vulgar notions, since He is Just both essentially, and by the natural and necessary love He bears to His divine perfections